Commas
Commas are some of the most common (and most misused) punctuation marks. Commas often indicate small pauses, or breaks in sentences. They tend to separate words or clauses, but do not separate sentences (or independent clauses). In fact, most run-on sentence are “comma splices” – or independent clauses that are joined with commas (instead of conjunctions, semi-colons, or periods).
Commas have many uses. They can…
- Separate items in a list.
The dog chased the mice, rats and hamsters.
I love to eat ice cream, cookies and cake.
He wants either a DS, a PSP or a new Wii game.
Every item in a list must be separated by a comma, except those on either side of the conjunction. Some people like to put a comma before the conjunction (called an Oxford Comma) and we agree that it can make lists easier to understand, but that final comma is not required. Never put a comma after the conjunction.
- Separate appositives and parenthetical statements from the sentence.
Appositives and parenthetical phrases add non-essential information to the sentence. They are phrases that could be pulled out of the sentence and would leave a sentence that has a little less information, but still makes sense. Names are often inserted as appositives.
My best friend, Meredith, loves pizza.
My co-worker, Emi, prefers to tutor little kids.
Appositives can also just provide more information about a person.
The dog, who was always hungry, loved mice.
The child, a son of a friend of mine, ran crazily through my house.
Parentheticals can add other non-essential information - imagine it as information you might also put in parentheses!
The time in my life when I purchased that couch, a very special time in my life, was a time when I was low on money.
Great science projects, like the one I did in second grade, follow the scientific method.
Appositives and parentheticals are always NON-ESSENTIAL and are always set off with TWO commas. Put one comma in the front and one behind (just where you would put the parentheses if you were using parentheses instead of commas). On a test question, if you only have the option to add one comma, be very suspicious!
- Separate an introductory clause or non-essential dependent clause.
Complex sentences are made up of one independent clause (a clause that can stand on its own as a complete sentence) and one dependent clause (a fragment on its own). When the dependent clause comes first, follow it with a comma.
When my child is sick, I let her watch as much TV as she wants.
If you are not great at math, you should consider taking regular Physics rather than AP.
When the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, you do not need a comma. Only add the comma if the following dependent clause is non-essential.
I change my driving speed when I see a "Speed Limit" sign. (The dependent clause here is essential, so no comma.)
I can change the time of the appointment, if you insist. (The dependent clause here is not essential, so use the comma.)
- To join two independent clauses with a FANBOYS.
- To set off an interjection.
Spot, don’t chase that mouse!
Yes, I actually like mice.
- With quotation marks.
The dog said, “I want to eat you.”
“I want to eat you,” said the dog
"Do you really want to play with that dog?" I asked.
Commas at the end of quotes ALWAYS go INSIDE the quotation marks (at least, they do in the U.S. In England, they correctly go on the outside!). Note: If you end a quote with another form of punctuation (question mark, exclamation mark), you do not need a comma!
Practice Problems:
Commas Practice
Check the sentences below. Add commas where they are needed. Write the rule that says you need commas (items in a list, quotations, FANBOYS between independent clauses, after introductory clause, parenthetical).
- I have four cousins on my mother's side: Matthew Kathleen Benjamin and Victoria. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- Because we live on different sides of the country we do not know each other very well. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- My uncle used to be a police officer and his children have followed in his public service footsteps. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- My cousins work as ambulance drivers secret service agents and fire fighters. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- I feel like I should call them up to say "Thank you for the work that you do." RULE:_______________________________________________________
- All of my cousins work in New York City where police and fire fighters are often in the news. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- After 9/11 NYPD and FDNY were some of our most American heroes. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- Many police officers and fighter fighters lost their lives on 9/11 so it was a terrible way to gain notoriety. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- In fact one of my cousins Matthew got to become a firefighter precisely because there were so many openings after 9/11. RULE:_______________________________________________________
- It was a tragic way to get a great job but he does it very honorably. RULE:_______________________________________________________
Answer Key:
- I have four cousins on my mother's side: Matthew Kathleen Benjamin and Victoria. RULE:_______________________________________________________
Commas Practice
Add missing commas to the sentences below. After the sentence, circle the rule(s) that you used to decide you needed a comma. Some sentences may not need a comma!
1. Hey you just stepped on my toe! Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 2. Whenever I eat too much ice cream I get a stomache ache. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 3. My little sister a real pain in the neck is taking ballet lessons there. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 4. Hold on don't you think that you should apologize? Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 5. People are coming to the party and bringing salad snacks and dessert. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 6. At the aquarium we saw tropical fish and we fed the seals. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 7. If I she says I can go I'll grab my suitcase right away. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 8. I think I'll use a recipe if I may. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 9. My cousin Matthew is a firefighter. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 10. I hope that we can go to Catalina but I'll hope for great weather. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 11. "Jason please hold the door" I shouted. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 12. If I decide to make the cream puffs I will need to buy flour eggs and cream. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 13. I want to go to Disneyland and then visit Knott's Berry Farm. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 14. While I want to go to Canada I fear being really cold! Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 15. "Wait if I help you carry the bags will you give me a tip?" I asked. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 16. I always bring my own toothpaste because I only like to use Aim. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 17. I will either attend UCLA or USC in the fall. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 18. If you don't exercise you are at risk for heart disease diabetes and high blood pressure. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 19. "Jason my little brother is worried about money" I said. Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection 20. I hesitate to ask but are you sure that you're feeling better? Items in a List Appositive/Parenthetical FANBOY w/2 Independent Clauses Introductory Clause Nonessential Following Clause Quotes Interjection Answer Key:
Test Prep Practice
Commas Test Prep 1
Correct the passage. For each underlined word or portion, correct the errors or leave answer as correct.
$\boxed{1}$Ahoy do you know about pirates?
When people $\boxed{2}$ think of pirates, they tend to picture Captain Hook. In the past 10 $\boxed{3}$years even more comically, they tend to think of the actor $\boxed{4}$Johnny Depp who famously played a pirate in the Pirates of the Carribean. Because Pirates of the Carribean has been one of the most popular pirate $\boxed{5}$franchises in history Johnny Depp is the pirate of a generation.
While pirates are popular villians $\boxed{6}$in fairy tales, they have also been important figures in history. In the Carribean, the region made famous in part by Disney's take on its pirates$\boxed{7}$in amusement parks and movies, pirates were a form of importer. Pirates may have been lawless but they also provided early towns $\boxed{8}$ with food, cloth, rum and other supplies.
$\boxed{9}$Pirates, of course did not always come by their good fairly. They were feared because they robbed other $\boxed{10}$ships and did not mind taking other sailors captive or hostage. In an era in which shipping was dangerous $\boxed{11}$for all, pirates took risk to the greatest $\boxed{12}$ extremes but they also constributed to the economies of the lands they $\boxed{13}$bought, and sold from.
Today's pirates remain outlaws. $\boxed{14}$ Today they are most likely to be $\boxed{15}$found, not in the Carribean Isles, but on the eastern coast of Africa. Somali pirates $\boxed{16}$ are well-known, feared and storied. They have been known to board civilian and miliary ships $\boxed{17}$ alike, and they tend to be well-armed. Any shipper worth his or her salt in the Arabian Sea or Indian ocean knows to keepa good eye out for modern-day pirates. $\boxed{18}$ I suspect, nowadays they do not wear eye patches.
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- NO CHANGE
- Ahoy, do you
- Ahoy!, do you
- DELETE underlined portion
-
- NO CHANGE
- think of pirates; they tend to picture
- think of pirates, they tend to, picture
- think of pirates they tend to picture
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- NO CHANGE
- years even more comically they
- years, even more comically they
- years, even more comically, they
-
- NO CHANGE
- Johnny Depp, who famously,
- Johnny Depp who, famous,
- Johnny Depp who, famously
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- NO CHANGE
- franchises in history, Johnny Depp
- franchises in history, Johnny Depp,
- franchises in history Johnny Depp,
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- NO CHANGE
- in fairy tales they
- in, fairy tales, they
- in fairy tales they,
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- NO CHANGE
- in amusement parks and movies
- in amusement parks, and movies
- in amusement parks, and movies,
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- NO CHANGE
- with food cloth, rum and other supplies
- with food cloth, rum, and other, supplies
- with food cloth, rum, and other supplies
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- NO CHANGE
- Pirates, of course, did not always
- Pirates of course, did not always
- Pirates, of course, did not aways,
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- NO CHANGE
- ships, and did
- ships, and, did
- ships, and did,
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- NO CHANGE
- for all pirates
- for all, pirates,
- for, all pirates
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- NO CHANGE
- extremes, but,
- extremes, but
- extremes but,
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- NO CHANGE
- bought, and, sold
- bought and sold
- bought and sold,
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- NO CHANGE
- Today, they are,
- Today they are,
- Today, they are
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- NO CHANGE
- found, not in the Carribean Isles but on
- found not in the Carribean Isles but on
- found not in the Carribean Isles, but on
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- NO CHANGE
- well-known feared and storied
- well-known feared, and storied
- well-known, feared, and, storied
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- NO CHANGE
- alike and they
- alike, and, they
- alike and, they
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- NO CHANGE
- I suspect nowadays, they
- I suspect, nowadays, they
- I, suspect nowadays, they
Answer Key:
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Commas Test Prep 2
$\boxed 1$ For previous generations, needlework skills, like sewing knitting and crocheting were critical talents passed from generation to generation. Families bought very few items at the store. Everything from dishclothes to wedding dresses was $\boxed 2$ made at home, and children, as young as four were proficient with a needle and thread. $\boxed 3$ Nowadays, many families have afghans and quilts made by a relative, and treasured as mementos of the past.
With the advent of the $\boxed 4$ modern industrial era, in the 1940s and 1950s, it became easier to buy products than make them at home. $\boxed 5$ Just as people started buying canned goods and boxed cakes, they stopped kitting their own scarves and sewing their own prom dresses. Skills such as hemming pants and $\boxed 6$ darning socks, which, had once been common fell into disuse.
$\boxed 7$ Young girls, previously the carriers of these practical skills, no longer learned to knit and sew at their mothers' knees. A whole generation of mothers $\boxed 8$ no longer know how to knit, or sew, so they cannot pass those skills on to their children. But things are changing.
$\boxed {9}$Rare skills, are valued, so it should not be surprising that handiwork skills are coming back into fashion. Websites like Etsy provide a way for the new generation of crafters $\boxed {10}$ to sell their personalized goods and sites like Ravelry create communities in which artisans can share patterns and tips. $\boxed {11}$ The Internet, almost the antithesis of old-fashioned living now constitutes the "neighborhood," for young people who are picking up needles and hooks.
We once again live in a world where new babies are welcomed with $\boxed {12}$handmade booties hats, and blankets. The trend of learning and teaching needlework skills $\boxed {13}$ is not only resurfacing but it is expanding into new demographics. $\boxed {14}$ Some of the best competitors, on Project Runway Junior, are boys and young men have found that the most affordable way to get a very cool beanie is to knit one.
1.
- NO CHANGE
- For previous generations, needlework skills like sewing knitting and crocheting were critical talents passed
- For previous generations, needlework skills, like sewing, knitting and crocheting, were critical talents passed
- For previous generations, needlework skills like sewing knitting and crocheting, were critical talents passed
2.
- NO CHANGE
- made at home, and children as young as four were
- made at home, and children, as young as, four were
- made at home and children as young as four were
3.
- NO CHANGE
- Nowadays, many families have afghans and quilts made by a relative and
- Nowadays many families have afghans and quilts made by a relative and
- Nowadays, many families have afghans, and quilts made by a relative and
4.
- NO CHANGE
- modern industrial era, in the 1940s and 1950s it
- modern industrial era in the 1940s and 1950s, it
- modern industrial era in the 1940s and 1950s it
5.
- NO CHANGE
- Just as people started buying canned goods, and boxed cakes, they stopped knitting their own scarves, and sewing their own prom dresses.
- Just as, people started buying canned goods and boxed cakes, they stopped knitting their own scarves and sewing their own prom dresses.
- Just as people started buying canned goods and boxed cakes they stopped knitting their own scarves, and sewing their own prom dresses.
6.
- NO CHANGE
- darning socks which had once been common fell into disuse
- darning socks, which had once been common, fell into disuse
- darning socks which had once been common, fell into disuse
7.
- NO CHANGE
- Young girls, previously the carriers of these practical skills no longer learned to knit and sew at their mother's knees
- Young girls, previously, the carriers of these practical skills no longer learned to knit and sew at their mother's knees
- Young girls previously the carriers of these practical skills, no longer learned to knit and sew at their mother's knees
8.
- NO CHANGE
- no longer know how to knit or sew, so they cannot pass those skills on
- no longer know how to knit or sew, so, they cannot pass those skills on
- no longer know how to knit or sew so, they cannot pass those skills on
9.
- NO CHANGE
- Rare skills are valued so, it should not be surprising that handiwork skills are coming back into fashion.
- Rare skills are valued, so it should not be surprising, that handiwork skills are coming back into fashion.
- Rare skills are valued, so it should not be surprising that handiwork skills are coming back into fashion.
10.
- NO CHANGE
- to sell their personalized goods, and sites like Ravelry create communities
- to sell their personalized goods and sites, like Ravelry, create communities
- to sell their personalized goods and, sites like, Ravelry, create communities
11.
- NO CHANGE
- The Internet, almost the antithesis of old-fashioned living now constitutes the "neighborhood"
- The Internet, almost the antithesis of old-fashioned living, now constitutes the, "neighborhood"
- The Internet, almost the antithesis of old-fashioned living, now constitutes the "neighborhood"
12.- NO CHANGE
- handmade, booties, hats and blankets
- handmade booties, hats and, blankets
- handmade booties, hats and blankets
13.- NO CHANGE
- is not only resurfacing, but it is expanding
- is not only resurfacing, but, it is expanding
- is not only, resurfacing but it is, expanding
14.- NO CHANGE
- Some of the best competitors on Project Runway Junior are boys, and young men have found that the most affordable way to get a very, cool beanie is to knit one.
- Some of the best competitors on Project Runway Junior are boys, and young men have found that the most affordable way to get a very cool beanie is to knit one.
- Some of the best competitors, on Project Runway Junior, are boys, and young men have found that the most affordable way to get a very cool beanie is to knit one.
Answer Key: